Adventures Of Huck Finn Essays (1272 words) - Readers Digest

Experiences Of Huck Finn In Mark Twain's epic, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain builds up the plot into Huck and Jim's experiences permitting him to weave in his analysis of society. The two primary characters, Huck and Jim, both run from social unfairness also, both are doubtful of the human progress around them. Huck is viewed as an uneducated in reverse kid, continually constrained to adjust to the acculturated environmental factors of society. Jim a slave, isn't even considered as a genuine individual, yet as property. As they run from human advancement and are on the waterway, they contemplate the social treacheries constrained upon them when they are ashore. These social treacheries are considerably increasingly clear when Huck and Jim need to make landfall, and this furnishes Twain with the opportunity to ridicule the socially right shameful acts that Huck and Jim experience ashore. The parody that Twain uses to uncover the lip service, bigotry, covetousness and bad form of society creates alongside the experiences that Huck and Jim have. The terrible reflection of society we see should make us question the world we live in, and just the venture down the waterway furnishes us with that possibility. All through the book we see the fraud of society. The principal character we go over with that characteristic is Miss Watson. Miss Watson continually remedies Huck for his unsatisfactory conduct, in any case, Huck doesn't get why, That is only the route with certain individuals. They get down on a thing when they don't think nothing about it (2). Afterward at the point when Miss Watson attempts to show Huck Heaven, he rules against attempting to go there, ...she would live to go the great spot. All things considered, I couldn't see no preferred position in going where she was going, so I decided I wouldn't go after it. (3) The remarks made by Huck plainly show Miss Watson as a wolf in sheep's clothing, chiding Huck for needing to smoke and afterward utilizing snuff herself and solidly accepting that she would be in paradise. At the point when Huck experiences the Grangerfords and Shepardsons, Huck depicts Colonel Grangerford as, ...a honorable man, you see. He was a noble man all finished; as was his family. He was all around conceived, as the maxim may be, and that is worth as much in a man as it is in a horse... (104). You can nearly hear the mockery from Twain in Huck's portrayal of Colonel Grangerford. Later Huck is getting mindful of the lip service of the family and its fight with the Shepardsons when Huck joins in church. He is stunned that while the pastor lectures about charitable love both the Grangerfords and Shepardsons are conveying weapons. At long last when the fight emits into a gunfight, Huck sits in a tree, sickened by the waste and savagery of the quarrel, It made me so wiped out I generally dropped out of the tree...I wished I hadn't ever come aground that night to see such things. Nowhere else is Twain's voice heard more obviously than as a crowd assembles at the place of Colonel Sherburn to lynch him. Here we hear the full power of Twain's contemplations on the pietism a weakness of society, The possibility of you lynching anyone! It's entertaining. The possibility of you thinking you had pluck enough to lynch a man!...The pitifulest thing out is a crowd; that is the thing that a military is-a horde; they don't battle with boldness that is conceived in them, yet with mental fortitude that is acquired from their mass, and from their officials. In any case, a crowd with no man at its head is underneath melancholy (146-147). Every one of these models discovers Huck once more rushing to opportunity of the stream. The stream never minds how pious you are, the secret rich you are, or what society thinks you are. The stream permits Huck the one thing that Huck needs to be, and that is Huck. The waterway is opportunity than the land is mistreatment, and that persecution is not any more clear than it is to Jim. It is to some degree astounding that Huck's voyaging friend is Jim. As hostile to society that Huck is, you would feel that he would have no misgivings about aiding Jim. In any case, Huck must have emotions that servitude is right so we can see the obliviousness of racial bias. Huck and Jim's excursion starts as Huck battles inside himself about turning Jim over to the specialists. At long last he chooses not to turn Jim in. This is a momentous choice for Huck to make, despite the fact that he makes it on the spot. This isn't only a

Image of Nurses in the Media Essay Example for Free

Picture of Nurses in the Media Essay The picture of nursing as depicted by the media swings like a pendulum in the middle of negative and positive qualities. In any case, most occasions, the depiction is more on the negative side. Most medical caretakers will promptly consent to the way that the manner in which the media paints the calling is route past what they have confidence in or practice. In fact, it misses the mark regarding reasonable and honest picture. In as much as every other medium paper, TV ,Radio, Internet administrations e.t.c are to a degree liable of this equivalent negative delineation of medical caretakers, Hollywood paints the most noticeably awful pictures and theirs extraordinarily form the popular feeling and perspective on nursing as pictures don’t need million words to be charming! These generalizations about nursing are to a great extent planted and supported by Hollywood shows and spread all through the world. As far back as 1932, Hollywood in its film â€Å"A goodbye to Arms† portrayed nursing as having no security and self-sufficiency. The central medical attendant in the film was appeared as being feeble, powerless and hesitant to battle for an attendant who was excused in light of the fact that a specialist accepted that she was an interruption to his rescue vehicle driver. As it were, doctors direct what occurs in nursing. With that weakling point of view, numerous medical attendants went into the calling noting ‘yes doctor’ to all requests with no inquiry. Attendants are then at the less than desirable finish of Doctors’ and patients’ tormenting. In later occasions, nursing is as yet delineated as being held for the individuals who can't make it to school or clinical schools. This is found in the motion pictures like House, Gracie, Grey’ life structures, Akeelah the honey bee and others. Attendants were either observed lingering, shaking, wailing over their destiny or quietly moronic leaving the doctors with all the choices and care of their patients. Likewise in ‘Akeelah and the Bee’ (2006), medical attendants were depicted as those requiring attitudinal changes. Tanya in the film is an attendant yet observed extremely furious constantly, not empowering her little girl and smoking in a house that harbors kids. The message sent across is either that attendants don’t try to do they say others should do or they are so stupid to know the clinical ramifications of such practices. In addition, it was additionally said that Tanya settled to be an attendant in the wake of dropping out of school. Certainly, one needn't bother with an advanced degree to be a medical caretaker. Such conclusion was found in the film ‘Blue Valentine 2008’. In another film ‘Million Dollar Baby’, medical attendants were called attention to as ‘amateurs’ who sole depend on doctors arranges in keeping up wellbeing and that was appropriately demonstrated when Maggie in the film bit her tongue and the nurse’s just arrangement was sedation ridiculing what nursing truly involves avoidance, advancement of wellbeing, backing, backing and others. Same cluelessness of medical attendants was anticipated in ‘Brooke Ellison Story (2004) and similarly demonstrating medical attendants as careless, discourteous and not been sympathetic. Medical attendants are likewise found in Hollywood as immaterial in medicinal services. In the film, Sicko (2007) and Living in Emergency, no acknowledgment was given to the medical attendants who battled with the doctors to spare the lives they were commending for. Nonetheless, some Hollywood works e.g HawthoRNe, Rookies, Angels in America, Nurse Jackie had the option to extend nurture as valiant supporters, compassionate, astute, able and not undermining. To change the attitude of general society and eradicate the embedded generalization about nursing, nurture first need to consider the to be as a calling and afterward battle tenaciously to be keen and dependable experts. At that point, medical attendants should be more grounded and stronger in talking back to the media when all is said in done. Messages of what nursing is ought to be sent across through TVs, radios, papers, boards, internet providers ,CDs, DVDs, Magazines, Schools and other accessible methods. Letters should be kept in touch with Tv program expressing our thoughts and balancing any bogus idea against us. Medical caretakers in prominent positions ought to perseveringly shout out and guard the calling, recover its picture and make it increasingly alluring. Increasingly open endorsement and acknowledgment can propel nursing, help in the approaching lack of medical attendants and as such assistance the consideration framework over the long haul. References Laura A. Stokowski (2010) : A letter to Hollywood. Medical attendants are not Handmaiden. Medscape. Sandy and Harry Summers (2010): Saving lives: Why the media portraya of medical caretakers puts us al in danger. Recovered from http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practce/clinical-zones/teachers/the-picture of-nursing1/21/2013

Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and juliet paper : who plays a disaster Romeo and Juliet: Who is Responsible for the Tragedy? Does Fate assume a job? Who is capable? This inquiry is constantly posed of any contention, and for the most part nobody needs to concede that it was their shortcoming. It at that point must be resolved what the contention was, who is dependable, and to what degree. Shakespeare’s, Romeo and Juliet, depends on a contention. In Romeo and Juliet the contention transforms into a catastrophe. Since we realize what the contention was, which is a catastrophe, the subsequent stage is to figure out what a disaster is?A catastrophe is a contention that winds up with something exceptionally dismal occurring. In Romeo and Juliet, the disaster, is that both of these sweethearts murder themselves, to join the other in death. â€Å"For never was an account of more misfortune Than this of Juliet and her Romeo† (5,3,309-310). The subsequent stage in the critical thinking process is to sur vey who is at fault for the disaster. To do this we should initially decide the various sorts of jobs played in a contention. There are 5 fundamental jobs; there is cause, an instigator, retaliator, passivist, and moderator.The first is the reason, which can be someone or something, that begins everything, and now and again individuals don’t even understand that they are having this impact. In Romeo and Juliet, one of the causes is the antiquated fight between the families. Tybalt says â€Å"What, drawn and discuss harmony? I loathe the word, as I abhor heck, all Montagues and thee. † (1. 1. 61-62) The second is the instigator, who is typically exceptionally mean, and something that they do or say, is generally the reason for strife. What this individual does or says is intended to incite someone.Tybalt says to Romeo â€Å"Romeo, the adoration I bear thee can manage the cost of No preferred term over this: thou workmanship a reprobate. †(3. 1. 53,54). These word s are intended to incite Romeo to battle. The third job, is that of the retaliator, who reacts to the provocative idea of the instigator. Mercutio says to Tybalt â€Å"Consort? What, dost thou make us minstrels? What's more, thou make minstrels of us, hope to hear only dissensions. Here’s my fiddlestick, here’s that will make you dance†(3. 1. 40-43) in reprisal to a verbal poke made by Tybalt. The fourth is the passivist, who does nothing to thwart or help in the conflict.Usually somebody who hasn’t concluded who is correct and hasn’t picked a side. The fifth is the arbitrator, who is attempting to forestall or prevent the contention from occurring. Benvolio is attempting to forestall a battle when he says â€Å"I implore thee, great Mercutio, let’s resign: The day is hot, the Capels are abroad, An in the event that we meet we will not get away from a fight, For now, these hot days, is the frantic blood blending. † Now that we have de cided the jobs played in a contention, it makes the subsequent stage, of figuring out who is mindful, and to what degree simpler. Shakespeare composed this disaster with a ton of unpredictability to it.I know this in light of the fact that every one of the individuals included assume more than one job all through the play. First the Ancient Grudge, is a reason for battling between the families. It has assumed a significant job in the advancement of disdain in a portion of the individuals, for example, Tybalt has gotten a contempt for the Montagues, from his Uncle Old Capulet. This Ancient Grudge has caused two fights past to the one we see toward the beginning of the play. Ruler says â€Å"Three common fights, reared of a breezy word, By thee, old Capulet, and Montague, Have thrice upset the calm of our lanes. †(1. 1. 1-83) By this discourse we learn of the idea of the old resentment. I accept that the old resentment is to be accused for a lot of the disaster, seeing as none of the battling would have occurred if there was no resentment, and Romeo would have been permitted to wed Juliet, without the mystery. Second Tybalt is to be accused for a large portion of the disaster, since he began the main battle in the city. He likewise began the battle on the sea shore. He slaughtered Mercutio, which made Romeo fight back and execute him. All through the play Tybalt is consistently the instigator, he is continually searching for a fight.He says himself that he loathes harmony â€Å"What, drawn and discuss harmony? I abhor the word, as I detest heck, all Montagues, and thee. †(1. 1. 61,62) Romeo assumed a significant job in the catastrophe, however ought not be accused for any of the disaster. He assumed the job of a Moderator, more often, dislike when he was on the sea shore and Tybalt provoked him to battle he says â€Å"Tybalt, the explanation that I need to adore thee Doth much reason the applying anger to such a welcome. Reprobate am I none; There fore goodbye, I see thou knowest me not. †(3. 1. 5-58) He likewise assumes the job of the retaliator when Tybalt murders Mercutio. Romeo follows Tybalt to retaliate for Mercutio’s demise. Romeo says â€Å"for Mercutio’s soul is nevertheless a little route over our heads, remaining for thine to stay with him: Either thou or I, or both must go with him. †(3. 1. 117-120) so in this sense Romeo’s just shortcoming was that he executed Tybalt, yet Tybalt had attempted to murder him, and had slaughtered Mercutio, so Romeo ought not be accused. Mercutio’s is however, a next to no bit to fault, for his own passing, which made Romeo murder Tybalt, and afterward get Banished for that crime.Mercutio wasn’t going searching for a battle, But he wasn’t looking not to battle either. When Tybalt, comes and needs to battle, so Mercutio reacts by provoking him to a battle also. Mercutio says, â€Å"Here’s my fiddlestick, here’s that will make you move. †(3. 1. 41,42) We likewise discover that he is extremely pleased. â€Å"Men’s eyes were made to look, and let them look; I won't move for no man’s joy, I. †(3. 1. 47,48) From these sections, from the book, I have concluded that Mercutio assumed the job of the retaliator.Therefore his flaw is just in that of Tybalt’s, so he should just be marginally accused. Benvolio’s Role in this contention was only as a passivist/arbitrator. I reached this resolution when he makes statements like â€Å"I supplicate thee, great Mercutio, let’s resign: The day is hot, the Capels are abroad, And in the event that we meet we will not get away from a brawl† And â€Å"We talk here in the open frequent of men: Either pull back unto some private spot, or Reason briskly of your complaints, Or else leave; here everyone's eyes look on us. †(3. 1. 43-46) By these discourses he is continually attempting to forestall or defer the fight.In this case Benvolio isn't to be faulted by any stretch of the imagination, but instead ought to be lauded for his endeavors for harmony. Monk Lawerence is to be accused likewise, for he had incredible idea’s of harmony after he wedded Juliet to Romeo. He approved the marriage of these two individuals, in light of his thoughts, and he didn’t make the best choice, which is tell the guardians, and make them see that Romeo and Juliet were extremely infatuated. What's more, to let the guardians choose what might be ideal. He wrecked that, and afterward he destroyed some more, when he encouraged Juliet to bamboozle her folks, by faking her death.He keeps on botching to ensure his unique error of wedding Romeo and Juliet. Juliet’s Parents additionally contributed by driving her to wed Paris, and this constrained her to counterfeit her demise, to escape her marriage, and to get to Romeo. They were uninformed of her past marriage, so it isn't generally their fla w. Subsequent to deciding this, there is still some disarray over the issue of certain individuals, with the goal that we need to view another factor, which may make things a little more clear. That factor is destiny. Before figuring out what job destiny played we should initially decide the importance of fate.Fate comes from the Ancient Greek Mythologies, when there were three female goddesses, who were accepted to turn a string that was your life, and they would shake it, to stir up your life. It was likewise accepted that the Fates were responsible for when you kicked the bucket and when you dieed, they cut the string. To make that increasingly understood, Fate, is when something occurs or will occur, and you have no influence over it. It discloses to us directly in the preamble that Romeo and Juliet’s love is destined â€Å"A pair of star-crossed darlings end their life. I don’t truly have confidence in destiny, however in this anecdotal catastrophe, destiny was a fantastic decision to clarify a portion of the things that occurred. Taking everything into account this energizing awful sentiment, has used a mind boggling web, in the obligation regarding the disaster, so nobody can be considered totally dependable, and nobody is left without a section in catastrophe. The way that Shakespeare makes an individual play more than one of the essential jobs, all through the contention, is a shocking method to start intrigue, since individuals are confounded by an unexpected difference in mentality or character. This procedure leaves the crowd, attempting to see, so they become charmed.

How to Choose Example of Persuasive Essay Topics

How to Choose Example of Persuasive Essay Topics Example of Persuasive Essay Topics - the Conspiracy Bear in mind, though you might not be crafting the upcoming great novel, you are trying to leave a long-lasting impression on the folks evaluating your essay. Focus on your language as it ought to be eerror-free Imagine your essay is a precious stone and create all its faces shine using an easily readable and authentic language. If you still find it difficult to work on your expository essay, get in touch with our on-line writing team made from professional writers with at least 10 decades of experience to receive your own personal academic lifebuoy! A thriving process essay is going to be detailed enough so a reader will have all the info required to finish the job. The accumulation of knowledge continues, clearly, but just in the subjects where it's not possible to avoid, for instance, history and literature, which are being expanded all of the time. 1 way of making sure that it is possible to communicate clearly and to the point is by way of accurate and beneficial use of advanced vocabulary. Different significance of a particular word depends upon the group of individuals who uses it. The next informative essay example explores the matter of totally free college education and can let you get started writing your own paper. Identity theft is an immense issue for elderly folks. To begin with, you should secure the significance of the expository essay definition and decide on the topic you understand well or at least find it interesting to find out more about. Therefore, it's essential to learn how to approach any issue with a strong focus on solving it. A frightening job, and even under pressure, leads to the simple fact that you're desperate. Nonetheless, it would be difficult to argue that the approach requires quite a little time and concentration. Then the next step is going to be to find out more about the expository essay structure. Our topics are good since they won't leave listeners indifferent. Don't be afraid to ask for any help you may get. In order to get children, both parents ought to be certified. Prospective parents ought to be asked to take parenting classes. You, as an example, show your erudition. It's therefore paramount to understand the many different varieties of expository essays. There are several different kinds of expository essays. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. Who Else Wants to Learn About Example of Persuasive Essay Topics? The significant distinction is that the argumentative essay should demonstrate a discussion rather than a single opinion. If you're already sear ching for persuasive essay examples online, you most likely have a somewhat vague idea about how to get started writing. Persuasive essays are an excellent approach to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. If you are a newcomer to writing informative essays or simply struggle when it has to do with thinking of informative essay topics, then there's a great chance you might be looking for some help. Another good idea is to receive some absolutely free essay examples of different sorts and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a thriving debatable paper looks. An excessive amount of money isn't a good thing. If you're going to compose an expository essay, be ready to devote much time hitting books. Or you might be studying psychology and want to check at what makes a person bully other individuals. Some feel parents ought to be allowed to provide permission for their minor children to have tattoos, since they are making the decision for their own children.

Jodi Picoult Bio

Jodi Picoult is a bestselling author of literary fiction, although many have called her books womens fiction. Shes an unusually  prolific author, having written over twenty novels. Jodi Picoults books are quick paced and controversial. Is the woman behind the books as provocative?   Born: May 19, 1966, in Nesconset on Long Island in New York. Family Life: Picoults family moved to New Hampshire when she was 13. Although she left New Hampshire for college and her early jobs, she settled there again as a married woman. She currently lives in Hanover, New Hampshire with her husband, Tim Van Leer, and their three children, Sammy, Kyle and Jake. She was raised in a non-practacing  Jewish household.   Education: Picoult studied writing at Princeton University, where she earned her bachelors degree. She also earned a masters degree in education from Harvard University. Writing: Picoult wrote her first story, The Lobster which Misunderstood, when she was five. While at Princeton, she published two stories in Seventeen magazine. She wrote her first novel, Songs of the Humpback Whale, while she was pregnant with her first child, and published it in 1992. Picoults novels usually deal with ethical issues and are told from a variety of viewpoints, with each chapter written in a different characters voice. Picoult uses this technique to show multiple sides of a situation and underscore areas of moral ambiguity. She has several reoccurring  characters, who have appeared in multiple books. While characters may make cameo appearances the books are not part of a series. All of her novels are stand alone titles.   She is known for her incredibly researched plots, many of which involve some kind of courtroom drama. As she usually writes roughly a book a year, Picoult is always researching one book while completing work on a previous title.   Here is a complete list of all Jodi Picoults books. Movies: Picoult writes stories that are heart-wrenching and full of family drama. It should be no surprise, then, that several of her books have been adapted into films for Lifetime, a TV network for women. Her first feature film, My Sisters Keeper, was released in theaters in 2009. It starred Cameron Diaz and Abigail  Breslin. Here is a complete list of all Jodi Picoults movies. Jodi Picoult Trivia: Picoults family has two Springer spaniels, two donkeys, two geese, three ducks and six chickens.When her oldest son finished reading My Sisters Keeper, he broke into tears and wouldnt speak to his mother for a while because he was so mad about the ending.Picoult has had personal experience with the sort of medical drama she writes about. When her middle son, Jake, was six he was diagnosed with cholesteatoma in his ear -- a benign tumor that can grow into your brain and kill you. He had 10 surgeries in three years and was partially deaf until recently.Picoult likes to read Alice Hoffman.Picoult has also written one book titled  Off the Page  with her daughter. Sammy chose to write under the name Samantha van Leer. It is considered a young adult novel.   Jodi Picoults Official Website: http://www.jodipicoult.com

The French and Indian War Led to the Revolutionary War Essay

The French and Indian War, which happened between 1754 and 1763 was a stepping-stone for what would become known as the Revolutionary War. The French and Indian War was originally a dispute over the Ohio River Valley. The French considered it their territory, where as the English considered it theirs. While it was a territorial dispute between the countries, the war took place in the colonies. The colonist fought bravely beside the British, whereas the Indians sided with the French. At the beginning all the countries wanted was to claim the Ohio River Valley as their own; however, the outcome of the war was very different. By fighting for that territory, the French sacrificed not only Quebec, but also all claim on land in the New World.†¦show more content†¦Right before the Stamp Act, the Indian Chief Pontiac attacked the colonist trying to drive them from the land for the last time. The rebellion resulted in Britain passing the Proclamation of 1763 after realizing they did not have the means to protect the vast amount of land they had acquired. The Proclamation stated that no one could settle past the Appalachian Mountains. This law angered the colonist because they believed that the land was rightfully theirs. Before the war, the colonists were in a time of Salutary Neglect. Colonist could go about their business, passing laws, running the government how they wanted. The militia was under the control of American colonist and people such as George Washington could rise to the rank of Corporal. The British government had little involvement in the colonies as long as the colonies provided them with raw goods. However, with the start of the war, Salutary Neglect was over. As the British got involved in the fighting, colonist near the fighting soon joined them. However, the government passed laws that made them second-class soldiers compared to the British soldiers. American colonist could not rise above the rank of Captain, which was very demeaning to pe ople like Washington who had been a Corporal in the Virginia Militia. The colonists were also treated like crap when it came to service. According to a soldier during the French and Indian War, the conditions in which soldiers worked, made it seem like theShow MoreRelatedThe Trail Of The American Revolutionary War1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trail to The American Revolutionary War The roots of the American Revolution can be traced all the way back to the year 1763 when British leaders began to tighten imperial reins. Once the relations between Britain and the colonies became more of a conflict. Britain’s land policy prohibiting settlement in the West irritated colonists as well as the arrival of British troops. The colonists believed that they should be able to live democratically. Alongside, Britain feeling as though they ownedRead MoreFrench and Indian War Provoked the American Revolution Essay664 Words   |  3 PagesThe French and Indian war was the event that provoked the American Revolution. The French and Indian war or Seven years war, lead to certain events that caused Americans to realize that their English liberties were being denied. The French and Indian war caused debts among the British. The British realized that during the war the income from the colonies was insufficient (document F). After the war, the British needed certain ways in which to gain revenue. They imposed taxes on theRead More Causes of the American Revolution Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagesanother country. The major events that led to the American Revolution were the French and Indian War, Stamp Act, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party and Lexington Concord. The French and Indian War was between the French and Indians, against the American colonies and English. 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Notes Electric Charge and Electric Field free essay sample

Electric charge is a fundamental property like mass, length etc associated with elementary particles for example electron, proton and many more. Electric charge is the property responsible for electric forces which acts between nucleus and electron to bind the atom together. Charges are of two kinds (i) negative charge (ii) positive charge Electrons are negatively charged particles and protons, of which nucleus is made of, are positively charged particles. Actually nucleus is made of protons and neutrons but neutrons are uncharged particles. electric force between two electrons is same as electric force between two protons kept at same distance apart i. e. , both set repel each other but electric force between an electron and proton placed at same distance apart is not repulsive but attractive in nature. Conclusion (a) Like charges repel each other (b) Unlike charges attract each other Assignment of negative charge on electron and positive charge on proton is purely conventional , it does not mean that charge on electron is less than that on proton. Importance of electric forces is that it encompasses almost each and every field associated with our life; being it matter made up of atoms or molecules in which electric charges are exactly balanced or adhesive forces of glue associated with surface tension, all are electric in nature. Unit Charge on a system can be measured by comparing it with the charge on a standard body. SI unit of charge is Coulomb written as C. 1 Coulomb is the charge flowing through the wire in 1 second if the electric current in it is 1A. Charge on electron is -1. 602 ? 10 -19 C and charge on proton is positive of this value. . Basic properties of electric charge (i) Additivity of charges Charges adds up like real numbers i. e. , they are Scalars more clearly if any system has n number of charges q1, q2, q3, qn then total charge of the system is q = q1 + q2 + q3 + . qn Proper sign have to be used while adding the charges for example if q1 = +1C q2 = -2C q3 = +4C then total charge of the system is q = q1 + q 2 + q3 q = (+1) + (-2) + (+4) C q = (+3) C (ii) Charge is conserved Charge of an isolated system is conserved. Chage can not be created or destroyed but charged particles can be created or estroyed. (iii) Quantization of charge All free charges are integral multiples of a unit of charge e, where e = -1. 602 ? 10 -19 C i. e. , charge on an electron or proton. Thus charge q on a body is always denoted by q = ne where n = any integer positive or negative 3. Frictional Electricity If we pass a comb through hairs, comb becomes electrically charged and can attract small pieces of paper. Many such solid materials are known which on rubbing attract light objects like light feather, bits of papers, straw etc. Explaination of appearance of electric charge on rubbing is simple. Material bodies consists of large number of electrons and protons in equal number and hence is in neutral in their normal state. But when the body is rubbed for example when a glass rod is rubbed with silk cloth, electrons are transferred from glass rod to silk cloth. The glass rod becomes positively charged and the silk cloth becomes negatively charged as it recieves extra electrons from the glass rod. In this case rod after rubbing, comb after passing through dry hairs becomes electrified and these are the example of frictional electricity. 4. Coulumbs law Coulombs law is the law of forces between electric charges. Statement It states that two stationary point charges q1 and q2 repel or attract each other with a force F which is directly proportional to the product of charges and inversly proportional to the square of distance between them. This dependence can be expressed by writing F? q1q2 r2 (1) These forces are attractive for unlike charges and repulsive for like charges . We now try to express Coulombs law in vector form for more clearity of magnitude and direction of forces. Consider two point charges q1 and q2 at points with position vector r1 and r2 with respect to the origin vector r21= r2 r1 is the difference between r2 and r1 and the distance of separation r is the magnitude of vector r21. pointwise it can be written as r1 = position vector of charge q1 with respect to origin r2 = position vector of charge q2 with respect to origin r21 = vector from 1 to 2 (r2 r1) r12 = -r21 = vector from 2 to 1 (r1 r2) r = r12 = r21 = distance between 1 and 2. Coulombs law can then be expressed as F21 = force on q2 due to q1 F21= kq1q2r21 3 (2a) and, F12 = force on q1 due to q2 F12= -F21 kq1q2r12 r3 (2b) Special Case for simplicity we can choose q1 being placed at origin r1 = 0 and if we write r2 = r the position vector of q2 then F21 = force on q2 due to q1 F21= kq1q2r r3 (3a) F12 = force on q1 due to q2 F12= kq1q2r r3 (3b) unit vector r? 21 and r? 12 can be defined as r? 21 = r21/r directed from q1 to q2 r? 12 = r12/r directed from q2 to q1 (4) -r21/r force c an now be written in terms of unit vector given as follows F21= kq1q2r? 21 r2 (5a) F12= kq1q2r? 12 r2 (5b) from this we can immidiately find factors giving magnitude and the directions in equation (2) we find a positive constant K and experimentally found value of k is K = 8. 98755 ? 10 9 Nm2/C2 K ? 9 ? 10 9 Nm2/C2 sometimes K is written as 1/4? ?0 where ? 0 is the permittivity of the vaccum whose value is K = 1/4 0 (? 0 = 9 ? 10 -12 C2/Nm2) 5. Principle Of Superposition Coulombs law gives the electric force acting between two electric charges. Principle of superposition gives the method to find force on a charge when system consists of large number of charges. According to this principle when a number of charges are interacting the total force on a given charge is vector sum of forces exerted on it by all other charges. This principle makes use of the fact that the forces with which two charges attract or repel one another are not affected by the presence of other charges. If a system of charges has n number of charges say q1, q2, .. qn, then total force on charge q1 according to principle of superposition is F = F12 + F13 + . F1n Where F12 is force on q1 due to q2 and F13 is force on q1 due to q3 and so on. F12, F13, F1n can be calculated from Coulombs law i. e. F12= kq1q2r? 12 4 0(r12)2 to, F1n= kq1q2r? 1n 4 0(r1n)2 The total force F1 on the charge q1 due to all other charges is the vector sum of the forces F12, F13, F1n. F1 = F12 + F13 + . The vector sum is obtained by parellogram law of addition of vector. Similarly force on any other charge due to remaining charges say on q2, q3 etc. can be found by adopting this method. 6. Electric Field Electrical interaction between charged particles can be reformulated using the concept of electric field. To understand the concept consider the mutual repulsion of two positive charged bodies as shown in fig (a) Now if remove the body B and label its position as point P as shown in fig (b), the charged body A is said to produce an electric field at that point (and at all other points in its vicinity) When a body B is placed at point P and experiences force F, we explain it by a point of view that force is exerted on B by the field not by body A itself. The body A sets up an electric field and the force on body B is exerted by the field due to A. An electric field is said to exists at a point if a force of electric origin is exerted on a stationary charged (test charge) placed at that point. If F is the force acting on test charge q placed at a point in an electric field then electric field at that point is E = F/q or F = qE Electric field is a vector quantity and since F = qE the direction of E is the direction of F. Unit of electric field is (N. C-1) Q. Find the dimensions of electric field Ans. [MLT-3A-1] 7. Calculation of Electric Field In previous section we studied a method of measuring electric field in which we place a small test charge at the point, measure a force on it and take the ratio of force to the test charge. Electric field at any point can be calculated using Coulombs law if both magnitude and positions of all charges contributing to the field are known. To find the magnitude of electric field at a point P, at a distance r from the point charge q, we imagine a test charge qto be placed at P. Now we find force on charge q due to q through Coulombs law. F= qq 4 0r2 electric field at P is E= q 4 0r2 The direction of the field is away from the charge q if it is positive Electric field for either a positive or negative charge in terms of unit vector r directed along line from charge q to point P is E= qr? 4 0r2 r = distance from charge q to point P. When q is negative , direction of E is towards q, opposite to r. Electric Field Due To Multiple Charges Consider the number of point charges q1, q2,.. which are at distance r1P, r2P,. from point P as shown in fig The resultant electric field is the vector sum of individual electric fields as E = E1P + E2P + This is also a direct result of principle of superposition discussed earlier in case of electric force on a single charge due to system of multiple charges. E is a vector quantity that varies from one point in space to another point and is determined from the position of square charges.